Do Greed and Subjectivity Rule Psychological Diagnostics and Treatment?
Cathy A. Meadows
There have been serious and blatant accusations against the mental health care system for years alleging that, some children who have been diagnosed with mental or emotional disorders are being used as vehicles for the financial success of the medical industry itself, and as guinea pigs for drug testing. For example, Fred Baughman, an active opponent of the ADHD diagnosis, and a child neurologist, in private practice, for 35 years, in a PBS interview, said that he didn't even believe that adhd was a real mental illness. He said that the problem with the children is in the adults, and that there is "zero evidence" for adhd. Baughman goes on to say that those at the top of researching adhd know this and that the whole adhd diagnosis is a scam for making money on the backs of our kids.
Children often mimic what they see in their environment but are quick to learn and adapt methods of self-regulation, even if their environments aren't optimal. For example, I've found and have used with my clients very simple techniques for alleviating depression.
~After some initial listening and sympathizing I will draw a line. If they begin to wallow too much in self-pity, day after day, I will tell them very pointedly something like, "Stop sitting around feeling sorry for yourself; it's not attractive or productive." Then I might add every platitude I can think of like, "The difference between a winner and a loser is that a winner gets back up." I also add lots of encouragement and verbal rewards for any task that has nothing to do with the behavior of feeling sorry for oneself. I might give them an exercise that has been shown to promote psychological well-being which is to simply pretend to be happy, even if they aren't in order to break the sadness habit.~
The easiest way for parents to make kids depressed is to feel sorry for them ad nauseum every time they can't get their own way, and to continuously complain and display sadness about their own lives. In time, children will then begin to feel sorry for themselves automatically and this can eventually lead to depression as they sink deeper and deeper into the "poor me syndrome." Parents should tell their children in no uncertain terms to pick themselves up, dust themselves off and keep moving forward and then model that behavior for them. This is not to say that we shouldn't show empathy. We should show compassion for the failings of children, but put a limit on it. Don't constantly remind kids how sad it is that things didn't go their way. In fact, downplay the event.
Another example of misdiagnosis has to do with delusional disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition, text revision (also known as the "the psychologists' bible") asserts that delusional disorder is "marked by false belief with a plausible basis in reality." Think about that; a plausible basis in reality. Yet, I have never heard about any Psychologist or Psychiatrist taking seriously, or seeming to take seriously, any patients who complained about a conspiracy against themselves as being "plausible." Yet, we all know that conspiracies against individuals exist for many reasons. For example, conspiracies are set up against whistle-blowers, for political reasons, for religious reasons, against peace organizations, for revenge, and on and on. Books have even been written on the subject of such covert conspiracies (Terrorist Stalking in America, and Protectors of Privilege) by credible professionals, and yet do we see a change in the attitudes of the mental health care professionals? The answer is "no" and the reason for that has mostly to do with money. The way the mental health profession professes ignorance at every turn that falls away from making a buck off the minions, at any cost to the patient, is thoroughly reprehensible. The question is, who is over-seeing, The American Psychological and Psychiatric Associations, and why aren't they doing their job? The co-conspirator in this game is the mental health profession itself, from top to bottom.
Perks from Pharmaceutical Companies to Doctors
Gifts from drug companies and salesmen is no longer allowed but wining and dining and shmoozing still is. Can't stop that. Check out the following story.
E. Haavi Morreim, Professor of Human Values and Ethics at the College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, has this to say about doctors and pharmaceuticals salespeople: "Gifts to doctors from drug companies have implications for patient interests...A recent letter in the Journal of the American Medical Association illustrates how effective drug advertising can be. It describes a patient who came into the hospital with an infected insect bite. The intern who first saw the patient first sensibly wanted to prescribe a nice, inexpensive penicillin, which is the drug of choice for a minor infection. But the resident overruled the intern and favored a more "modern" choice for this "severely" ill patient. He decided the patient had to have a brand-new antibiotic at $183 a day. The attending physician who supervised the house officers checked into the incident. It turned out the resident had just been wined and dined by the drug representative whose company made the new antibiotic. Think marketing doesn't do any good? Think again."
For Doctors, No More Drug Company Trinkets July 11, 2008 By Tara Parker-Pope
Clipboards, pens and mugs emblazoned with drug company logos are about to become collectors’ items. The pharmaceutical industry’s trade association, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, has issued a new voluntary code of conduct that prohibits distributing the brand-adorned freebies to the nation’s doctors.
But as my colleague Gardiner Harris points out in The Times, eliminating the pens and notepads that every patient sees doesn’t do much to stop the influence of drug company money that patients don’t see.
The code provides no definite limits on the millions of dollars spent on speaking and consulting arrangements that drug makers have forged with tens of thousands of doctors. Nor does it ban the routine provision of office breakfasts and lunches, or the occasional invitation to educational dinners at fancy restaurants.
He also reports that the rules don’t apply to biotechnology or medical device makers, "many of which continue to give expensive gifts and resort vacations to high-profile physicians."
The drug companies seem to be the primary conspirators with regards to the products they dispense. Benedict Carey of the New York Times published in 2008 that, "The makers of antidepressants like Prozac and Paxil never published the results of about a third of the drug trials that they conducted to win government approval, misleading doctors and consumers about the drugs' true effectiveness..." For example, in published trials 60% of patients taking experimental antidepressants reported relief from depression while 40% of patients on placebos also reported relief from depression. The New England Journal of Medicine reported that the antidepressant drugs outperform placebos by only a modest margin. A small enough margin, in fact, to consider that perhaps the expectations of the patients themselves is really the magic pill operating here.
Exciting studies have come out over the last few years that seem to show that being a monster from hell is self-destructive in that, the body chemistry and the psychological health of people who bring harm to others starts to deteriorate almost immediately. In fact, it begins with the first stroke of evil against another.
Here's the proof.
Dr. Wayne Dyer’s Power of Intention on PBS. He highlighted some interesting medical research on the health benefits of performing acts of kindness. Apparently researchers have studied the effects of acts of kindness on the giver, the receiver and the witnesses, and have concluded that preforming acts of kindness increases serotonin levels and strengthens immune function in both the giver, receiver and witnesses of acts of kindness
Dyer also says, “Conversely, unkindness weakens the body and puts us into a state of dissonance. So extend acts of kindness; ask for nothing in return.”
www.hayhouse.com. The Power of Intention: Learning to Co-create Your World Your Way (Hay House).
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/news_articles/brain_activity_during_altruism.htm Wednesday, April 04, 2007
One study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, involved about 20 people, each of whom had the potential to walk away with a pot of $128. They also were given a separate pool of funds, which they could choose to distribute to a variety of charities linked to controversial issues, such as abortion and the death penalty. A computer presented each charity to the subjects in series, and gave them the option to donate, to oppose donation, or to receive a payoff, adding money to the pot. Sometimes, the decision to donate or oppose was costly, calling for subjects to take money out of the pot.
It turned out that a similar pattern of brain activity was seen when subjects chose either to donate or take a payoff. Both types of decisions were associated with heightened activity in parts of the midbrain, a region deep in the brain that is known to be involved in primal desires (such as food and sex) and the satisfaction of them. This result provides the first evidence that the "joy of giving" has an anatomical basis in the brain – surprisingly, one that is shared with selfish longings and rewards.
Jordan Grafman, Ph.D., the scientist who led the work, was more interested by what happened when subjects donated, or opposed donation, at a cost to themselves. In either case, an area of the brain toward the forehead, known as the anterior prefrontal cortex, lit up. When Dr. Grafman and his team asked subjects to rate their charitable involvement in everyday life, he found that those with the highest ratings also had the highest level of activity in the prefrontal cortex.
"There’s a lot of controversy about what the prefrontal cortex does," said Dr. Grafman, a senior investigator in the intramural research division of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). "We’re interested in how this uniquely human part of the brain represents and processes information."
Studying how the prefrontal cortex influences altruistic behavior is likely to yield insights into other kinds of complex decision-making "where the end-result is not going to be immediately apparent," he said.
connects altruism to the posterior superior temporal cortex (pSTC), an area in the upper rear of the brain that’s known to enable us to perceive goal-directed actions by someone or something else.
About 45 subjects were asked to play a computerized reaction time game or, on some trials, to simply watch as the computer played it. Faster reactions earned money for the subject or for a charity, and subjects were told at the beginning of each trial where their earnings would go. They also completed assessment scales designed to measure their altruism in real-world situations.
Among subjects who scored high on the altruism scale, the pSTC became more active during "watching" sessions and less active during "playing" sessions. Moreover, this link between pSTC activation and watching was strongest when the charity, not the subject, was designated to receive the game's winnings. Among low-altruism subjects, pSTC activation was not significantly altered by the conditions of the game – that is, whether the subject played or watched, and who received the winnings.
The results suggest that altruism depends on – and may have evolved from – the brain's ability to perform the relatively low-level perceptual task of attributing actions to others, said senior author, Scott Huettel, Ph.D. "Our findings are consistent with a theory that some aspects of altruism arose out of a system for perceiving the intentions and goals of others," said Dr. Huettel, a neuroscientist and NINDS grantee at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. "To be altruistic, you need to see that the people you’re helping have goals, and that your actions will have consequences for them," he said.
Allan Luks, executive director of Big Brothers Big Sisters in New York City and former executive director of The Institute for the Advancement of Health, has spent his career collecting data on good deeds.
In his book, The Healing Power of Doing Good: The Health and Spiritual Benefits of Helping Others, Luks studied acts of kindness. He said, “Helping contributes to the maintenance of good health, and it can diminish the effect of diseases and disorders, both serious and minor, psychological and physical.”
Helping others: on the website, www.actsofkindness.org, Luks’ findings from his book are condensed as follows:
• A rush of euphoria, followed by a longer period of calm after performing a kind act is often referred to as a “helper’s high,” involving physical sensations and the release of the body’s natural painkillers, the endorphins. This initial rush is followed by a longer-lasting period of improved emotional well-being.
• Stress-related health problems improve after performing kind acts. Helping reverses feelings of depression, supplies social contact, and decreases feelings of hostility and isolation that can cause stress, overeating, ulcers, etc. A drop in stress may, for some people, decrease the constriction within the lungs that leads to asthma attacks.
A revolution of good deeds positively changing the planet. In a groundbreaking experiment, researchers at the National Institutes of Health have discovered that humans are hard-wired to be unselfish. During functional MRI brain scans, scientists learned that altruism makes people feel good, lighting up a primitive part of the human brain that usually responds to food, receiving money, and even sex.
Cathy Meadows M.A., Clinical Psychology C-Mead Consulting Relationship and Crisis Consultations by Phone 707-720-7137
As we advance into this new paradigm of enlightenment, we are evolving regarding the ways in which we diagnose and treat mental illness. However, advancement sometimes comes in the guise of old, tried-and-true methods of ages past. Health treatments must be dynamic and allow for changes in order to usher in optimal benefits. There is always a resistance to change within any field due in part to financial and political concerns, but these resistances fade in time as knowledge and wisdom reaches critical mass and tips the balance towards the future. In the 1960's and 1970's, for example, there was a general aversion to health foods like granola, soy, soybeans, and natural fiber due in large part to the negative propaganda that branded that culture who endorsed a "back to nature" approach. Now, the sons of the farmers who once ridiculed the 1960's/'70's culture are profiting from their own commercial crops of soy and whole foods, due to ground-breaking scientific research and popular demand.
The same appears to be true within the field of psychology. Notions that were once considered blasphemous or out-dated just a few short years ago, are now being tested for accuracy and application within the field, and are summoning a re-emergence that is running parallel with new and exciting research, not the least of which is quantum theory. At one time, the very idea that anyone could change their general environment and perceptions with mere prayer and meditation was considered, at the very least useless, and in some cases, insane. For example, magical thinking is still listed in the, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (used by mental health practitioners), as one aspect of psychosis. Magical thinking is a belief that prayer, meditation, postive thinking, etc., has an effect on one's environment. "Magical thinking" is inherent in most religious and spiritual belief systems, from traditional beliefs to ancient spiritual beliefs, however it is often excluded as an element of psychosis when it is associated with traditional and common religious beliefs. The following is Wikipedia's definition of magical thinking.
"In anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science, magical thinking is causal reasoning that often includes such ideas as the ability of the mind to affect the physical world... Associative thinking may be brought into play, as well as the power of magical symbols [like]... synchronicity. Since, in both theory and practice, magic does not conform to modern canons of causality, it is therefore appropriate to ask if it is rational to practice or believe in magic. For most theorists, these questions turn on the matter of the practitioner’s thought processes, intentions, and the efficacy of their practice."
With regards to "magical thinking," we now have research into quantum physics, particularly the "double slit experiment," which shows that our expectations do effect our environment, and our expectations are formed by the types of repetitive thinking that occurs in meditation, prayer, and positive thinking, which eventually goes on to form our expectations.
Also, there are other lesser known schools of psychology that promote the concepts of ancient, spiritual beliefs, and the wholeness of individuals, but they have been moved to the back burner in favor of the more traditional schools of psychology. For example, dream interpretation and religion/spirituality is the essence of Jungian Psychology, and reclaiming lost, ignored, or blocked parts of our psyche is the essense of Gestalt Psychology. While these schools of Psychology are taught in universities, they are usually not given the respect that they deserve, nor are they used in counseling sessions very much.
Now, it appears that the doors of traditional psychological treatments and diagnoses are being kicked open with regards to these and other even newer ideas and concepts of mental health. The more accepted and traditional School of Behavioral Psychology has it's place and is an important tool, but in order for it to be fully implemented other practices and ideas which incorporate the inner workings of the individual have to be considered.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Your Sanity
Vitamins are important for your mental health because they help to synthesize Omega-3 fatty acids, which are derived from fish, leafy greens, flax, brazil nuts, and many other foods.
Our brains are 60% structural fat that is composed mainly of Omega-3 fatty acids, however the American diet is largely devoid of this type of fat. 40% of Americans have very low levels of Omega 3, and 20% of Americans have levels so low that it can't be detected in blood tests.
A Purdue University study showed that kids low in Omega-3 essential fatty acids are significantly more likely to be hyperactive, have learning disorders, and to display behavioral problems. Omega-3 deficiencies have also been tied to dyslexia, violence, depression, memory problems, weight gain, cancer, heart disease, eczema, allergies, inflammatory diseases, arthritis, diabetes, and many other conditions. Over 2,000 scientific studies have demonstrated the wide range of problems associated with Omega-3 deficiencies.
Vitamins for Treating Schizophrenia
1. Folic Acid Folic acid deficiency occurs in 10 to 30% of hospitalized psychiatric patients. [1] In addition to psychosis, the deficiency is associated with depression, confusion, disorientation and dementia as well as with neurological symptoms such as numbness, stiffness, spasticity and weakness, both with and without muscular atrophy. Specific mechanisms by which folate deficiency may be implicated are starting to be identified. Folic acid may be an essential cofactor in the conversion of the omega-6 fatty acids to prostaglandins, [3] and early evidence suggests that impaired prostaglandin metabolism may provoke a schizophrenic picture.
Also, hyperhomocysteinemia due to an inborn error of folate metabolism may present as a schizophrenic syndrome sometimes accompanied by neurological signs. Case reports suggest that folic acid supplementation, usually along with either vitamin B6 [4] or vitamin B12, [5] appears to be effective. A Warning: For schizophrenics, supplementation with as little as 3 mg of folic acid daily can cause an exacerbation of psychotic behavior if blood folate levels become elevated.
2. Niacin Although the consensus of mainstream academicians is that niacin therapy is ineffective, [10] Hoffer notes that niacin is primarily effective for early and acute schizophrenics, while it is ineffective -- especially when given alone -- for the chronic schizophrenics who were included in the negative trials. [11] In any case, the possibility of adverse side-effects from high-dosage niacin supplementation must be considered.
Patients with sub-clinical pellagra, who may develop perceptual changes and neurasthenia, could be mistakenly labeled as schizophrenic, yet would clearly benefit from niacin. [12] Blood niacin levels would help to identify such cases. Whether other sub-groups who present with schizophrenic syndromes would benefit from niacin therapy remains unknown.
3. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal-5-phosphate, the activated form of the vitamin, is important for normal brain function. In fact, isoniazid, an antituberculous drug which antagonizes vitamin B6 activity, produces a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms that remit with B6 supplementation.
A few open trials of supplementation with the vitamin have reported good results. Perhaps the most interesting concerned a group of women who presented with paranoid ideation, emotional lability, irritability, depression and fatigue. The patients were taking oral contraceptives, drugs which may foster depletion of the vitamin.
Following pyridoxine supplementation, three-quarters of the group improved. The lack of placebo-controlled studies, and the failure of published studies to ascertain vitamin B6 nutriture at baseline, makes it impossible to reach a conclusion about the efficacy of the vitamin in treating schizophrenia.
4. Vitamin C There appears to be an inverse correlation between ascorbic acid intake and the risk of schizophrenia. [15] Even when the dietary vitamin C intake is adequate for normals, schizophrenics may have depressed plasma levels and may demonstrate a greatly reduced urinary excretion of ascorbic acid after an ascorbic acid load, [16,17] suggesting that the utilization of vitamin C in schizophrenics may be enhanced.
Results of an animal study suggest that vitamin C may block the behavioral response to dopamine and enhance the effects of neuroleptic drugs. [18] Supplementation with high doses produced improvement in mood and paranoid ideation in a randomized double-blind study, results that have been confirmed in subsequent open trials.
For example, 21 long-term hospitalized patients who were taking the neuroleptics (even though they were ineffective) were started on ascorbic acid supplements for at least one month. Two of the patients showed a favorable response on 2 grams daily. One of them, who had been floridly psychotic, went into a full remission within 2 weeks. Ten of the non-responders were then raised to 6 grams daily. Within one month, 4 of them showed progress. All responders subsequently. maintained their progress.
Doctor Werbach cautions that the nutritional treatment of illness should be supervised by physicians or practitioners whose training prepares them to recognize serious illness and to integrate nutritional interventions safely into the treatment plan.
ORTHOMOLECULAR VITAMIN CURES
Deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids may be a factor in mental illnesses, U.S. researchers suggest.
The study, published in Behavioral Neuroscience, named two omega-3 fatty acids -- docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid -- as key to maintaining a nervous system capable of avoiding sensory overload.
The researchers suggest low omega-3 may be linked to the information-processing problems found in people with afflictions of the nervous system including schizophrenia and bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders.
Instead of fluoride based anti-psychotics, these courageous fellows relied on nutritional supplementation and effectively treated thousands of people diagnosed as schizophrenic.
And to make it all the more respectable, numerous scientific reports were issued on this care that came to be known as orthomolecular medicine.
Nutrients Most Commonly Used For Schizophrenia and Schizo-Affective Disorders (under medical supervision):
* Vitamin B-3
* Vitamin C
* Vitamin B-6
* Zinc
* Vitamin B complex
* Selenium
Mood Disorders: Anxiety, Bipolar or Depression - The following nutrients are helpful in controlling mood disorders (under medical supervision):